List of Presidents of the United States

"Presidents of the United States" and "US Presidents" redirect here. For the American rock band, see The Presidents of the United States of America (band). For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation).

Under the United States Constitution, the President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. As chief of the executive branch and head of the federal government as a whole, the presidency is the highest political office in the United States by influence and recognition. The president is also the Commander-in-Chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is indirectly elected to a four-year term by an Electoral College (or by the House of Representatives should the Electoral College fail to award an absolute majority of votes to any person). Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected to the office of the president more than twice. Furthermore, no person who served more than two years of a term - to which someone else was elected - may be elected more than once.[1] Upon the death, resignation, or removal from office of an incumbent president, the Vice President assumes the office.

Contents

About the list

This list includes only those persons who were sworn into office as president following the ratification of the United States Constitution, which took effect on March 4, 1789. For American leaders before this ratification, see President of the Continental Congress.[2] The list does not include any Acting Presidents under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

There have been 43 people sworn into office, and 44 presidencies, as Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the 22nd and 24th president. Of the individuals elected as president, four died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison[3] Zachary Taylor,[4] Warren G. Harding,[5] and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln,[6] James A. Garfield,[7][6] William McKinley,[8] and John F. Kennedy) and one resigned (Richard Nixon).[9]

George Washington was the first president and inaugurated in 1789 after a unanimous Electoral College vote. William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office with 32 days in 1841, and Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the longest with over twelve years, but died shortly into his fourth term in 1945. He is the only president to serve more than two terms and a constitutional amendment was passed to prevent that from reoccurring. John F. Kennedy was the first president of Roman Catholic faith, and the current president, Barack Obama, is the first president of African-American descent; he assumed the office on January 20, 2009.[10]

List of presidents

Parties

      No party       Federalist       Democratic-Republican       Democratic       Whig       Republican

No.
[n 1]		 President Took office Left office Party Term
[n 1]		 Vice President
1 George Washington
(1732–1799)
[11][12][13]		 April 30, 1789 March 4, 1797 no party 1 (1789)   John Adams
2 (1792)
2 John Adams
(1735–1826)
[14][15][16]		 March 4, 1797 March 4, 1801 Federalist 3 (1796) Thomas Jefferson
3 Thomas Jefferson
(1743–1826)
[17][18][19]		 March 4, 1801 March 4, 1809 Democratic-
Republican		 4 (1800) Aaron Burr
5 (1804) George Clinton
4 James Madison
(1751–1836)
[20][21][22]		 March 4, 1809 March 4, 1817 Democratic-
Republican		 6 (1808) George Clinton[n 2]
March 4, 1809 – April 20, 1812
vacant[n 3]
April 20, 1812 – March 4, 1813
7 (1812) Elbridge Gerry[n 2]
March 4, 1813 – November 23, 1814
vacant[n 3]
November 23, 1814 – March 4, 1817
5 James Monroe
(1758–1831)
[23][24][25]		 March 4, 1817 March 4, 1825 Democratic-
Republican		 8 (1816) Daniel D. Tompkins
9 (1820)
6 John Quincy Adams
(1767–1848)
[26][27][28]		 March 4, 1825 March 4, 1829 Democratic-
Republican;
National
Republican		 10 (1824) John C. Calhoun
7 Andrew Jackson
(1767–1845)
[29][30][31]		 March 4, 1829 March 4, 1837 Democratic 11 (1828) John C. Calhoun[n 4]
March 4, 1829 – December 28, 1832
vacant[n 3]
December 28, 1832 – March 4, 1833
12 (1832) Martin Van Buren
8 Martin Van Buren
(1782–1862)
[32][33][34]		 March 4, 1837 March 4, 1841 Democratic 13 (1836) Richard Mentor Johnson
9 William Henry Harrison
(1773–1841)
[35][36][37]		 March 4, 1841 April 4, 1841
[n 2]		 Whig 14 (1840) John Tyler
10
[n 5]		 John Tyler
(1790–1862)
[38][39][40]		 April 4, 1841 March 4, 1845 Whig
April 4, 1841 – September 13, 1841		 vacant[n 3]
no party[n 6]
September 13, 1841 – March 4, 1845
11 James K. Polk
(1795–1849)
[41][42][43]		 March 4, 1845 March 4, 1849 Democratic 15 (1844) George M. Dallas
12 Zachary Taylor
(1784–1850)
[44][45][46]		 March 4, 1849 July 9, 1850
[n 2]		 Whig 16 (1848) Millard Fillmore
13 Millard Fillmore
(1800–1874)
[47][48][49]		 July 9, 1850 March 4, 1853 Whig vacant[n 3]
14 Franklin Pierce
(1804–1869)
[50][51][52]		 March 4, 1853 March 4, 1857 Democratic 17 (1852) William R. King[n 2]
March 4, 1853 – April 18, 1853
vacant[n 3]
April 18, 1853 – March 4, 1857
15 James Buchanan
(1791–1868)
[53][54][55]		 March 4, 1857 March 4, 1861 Democratic 18 (1856) John C. Breckinridge
16 Abraham Lincoln
(1809–1865)
[56][57][58]		 March 4, 1861 April 15, 1865
[n 7]		 Republican 19 (1860) Hannibal Hamlin
Republican
National Union[n 8]		 20 (1864) Andrew Johnson
17 Andrew Johnson
(1808–1875)
[59][60][61]		 April 15, 1865 March 4, 1869 Democratic
National Union[n 8];
no party[n 9]		 vacant
[n 3]
18 Ulysses S. Grant
(1822–1885)
[62][63][64]		 March 4, 1869 March 4, 1877 Republican 21 (1868) Schuyler Colfax
22 (1872) Henry Wilson[n 2]
March 4, 1873 – November 22, 1875
vacant[n 3]
November 22, 1875 – March 4, 1877
19 Rutherford B. Hayes
(1822–1893)
[65][66][67]		 March 4, 1877 March 4, 1881 Republican 23 (1876) William A. Wheeler
20 James A. Garfield
(1831–1881)
[68][69][70]		 March 4, 1881 September 19, 1881
[n 7]		 Republican 24 (1880) Chester A. Arthur
21 Chester A. Arthur
(1829–1886)
[71][72][73]		 September 19, 1881 March 4, 1885 Republican vacant[n 3]
22 Grover Cleveland
(1837–1908)
[74][75]		 March 4, 1885 March 4, 1889 Democratic 25 (1884) Thomas A. Hendricks[n 2]
March 4, 1885 – November 25, 1885
vacant[n 3]
November 25, 1885 – March 4, 1889
23 Benjamin Harrison
(1833–1901)
[76][77][78]		 March 4, 1889 March 4, 1893 Republican 26 (1888) Levi P. Morton
24 Grover Cleveland
(1837–1908)
[74][75]		 March 4, 1893 March 4, 1897 Democratic 27 (1892) Adlai E. Stevenson I
25 William McKinley
(1843–1901)
[79][80][81]		 March 4, 1897 September 14, 1901
[n 7]		 Republican 28 (1896) Garret Hobart[n 2]
March 4, 1897 – November 21, 1899
vacant[n 3]
November 21, 1899 – March 4, 1901
29 (1900) Theodore Roosevelt
26 Theodore Roosevelt
(1858–1919)
[82][83][84]		 September 14, 1901 March 4, 1909 Republican vacant[n 3]
30 (1904) Charles W. Fairbanks
27 William Howard Taft
(1857–1930)
[85][86][87]		 March 4, 1909 March 4, 1913 Republican 31 (1908) James S. Sherman[n 2]
March 4, 1909 – October 30, 1912
vacant[n 3]
October 30, 1912 – March 4, 1913
28 Woodrow Wilson
(1856–1924)
[88][89][90]		 March 4, 1913 March 4, 1921 Democratic 32 (1912) Thomas R. Marshall
33 (1916)
29 Warren G. Harding
(1865–1923)
[91][92][93]		 March 4, 1921 August 2, 1923
[n 2]		 Republican 34 (1920) Calvin Coolidge
30 Calvin Coolidge
(1872–1933)
[94][95][96]		 August 2, 1923 March 4, 1929 Republican vacant[n 3]
35 (1924) Charles G. Dawes
31 Herbert Hoover
(1874–1964)
[97][98][99]		 March 4, 1929 March 4, 1933 Republican 36 (1928) Charles Curtis
32 Franklin D. Roosevelt
(1882–1945)
[100][101][102]		 March 4, 1933 (1933-03-04) April 12, 1945 (1945-04-12)
[n 2]		 Democratic 37 (1932)
[n 10]		 John Nance Garner
38 (1936)
39 (1940) Henry A. Wallace
40 (1944) Harry S Truman
33 Harry S Truman
(1884–1972)
[103][104][105]		 April 12, 1945 January 20, 1953 Democratic vacant[n 3]
41 (1948) Alben W. Barkley
34 Dwight D. Eisenhower
(1890–1969)
[106][107][108]		 January 20, 1953 January 20, 1961
[n 11]		 Republican 42 (1952) Richard Nixon
43 (1956)
35 John F. Kennedy
(1917–1963)
[109][110][111]		 January 20, 1961 November 22, 1963
[n 7]		 Democratic 44 (1960) Lyndon B. Johnson
36 Lyndon B. Johnson
(1908–1973)
[112][113]		 November 22, 1963 January 20, 1969 Democratic vacant[n 3]
45 (1964) Hubert Humphrey
37 Richard Nixon
(1913–1994)
[114][115][116]		 January 20, 1969 August 9, 1974
[n 4]		 Republican 46 (1968) Spiro Agnew[n 4]
January 20, 1969 – October 10, 1973
47 (1972)
vacant[n 3]
October 10, 1973 – December 6, 1973
Gerald Ford
December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974
38 Gerald Ford
(1913–2006)
[117][118][119]		 August 9, 1974 January 20, 1977 Republican vacant[n 3]
August 9, 1974 – December 19, 1974
Nelson Rockefeller
December 19, 1974 – January 20, 1977
39 Jimmy Carter
(1924– )
[120][121][122]		 January 20, 1977 January 20, 1981 Democratic 48 (1976) Walter Mondale
40 Ronald Reagan
(1911–2004)
[123][124][125]		 January 20, 1981 January 20, 1989 Republican 49 (1980) George H. W. Bush
50 (1984)
41 George H. W. Bush
(1924– )
[126][127][128]		 January 20, 1989 January 20, 1993 Republican 51 (1988) Dan Quayle
42 Bill Clinton
(1946– )
[129][130][131]		 January 20, 1993 January 20, 2001 Democratic 52 (1992) Al Gore
53 (1996)
43 George W. Bush
(1946– )
[132][133][134]		 January 20, 2001 January 20, 2009 Republican 54 (2000) Dick Cheney
55 (2004)
44 Barack Obama
(1961– )
[135][136][137]		 January 20, 2009 Incumbent Democratic 56 (2008) Joe Biden

Living former presidents

As of December 2011, there are four living former presidents of the United States. The most recent death of a former president was that of Gerald Ford (1974–1977), on December 26, 2006.

President Term of office Date of birth
Jimmy Carter 1977–1981 October 1, 1924 (1924-10-01) (age 87)
George H. W. Bush 1989–1993 June 12, 1924 (1924-06-12) (age 87)
Bill Clinton 1993–2001 August 19, 1946 (1946-08-19) (age 65)
George W. Bush 2001–2009 July 6, 1946 (1946-07-06) (age 65)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b A presidency is defined as consecutive time in office served by a single person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Gerald Ford assumed the presidency after the resignation of Richard Nixon, serving out the remainder of what would have been Nixon's second term. The fact that Ford was not voted into office does not affect the numbering, which makes him the 38th president. In addition, under this numbering, Grover Cleveland is counted as having two separate presidencies, having served two non-consecutive terms.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Died in office of natural causes.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Prior to ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1967, there was no provision for filling a vacancy in the Vice Presidency. Richard Nixon was the first president to fill such a vacancy under the provisions of the Twenty-fifth Amendment when he appointed Gerald Ford. Ford later became the second president to fill a vice presidential vacancy when he appointed Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him.
  4. ^ a b c Resigned.
  5. ^ Being the first vice president to assume the presidency, Tyler set a precedent that a vice president who assumes the office of president becomes a fully functioning president who has his own presidency, as opposed to just a caretaker president. His political opponents attempted to refer to him as "Acting President", but he refused to allow that. The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution put Tyler's precedent into the Constitution.
  6. ^ Former Democrat who ran for Vice President on Whig ticket. Clashed with Whig congressional leaders and was expelled from the Whig party in 1841.
  7. ^ a b c d Assassinated.
  8. ^ a b Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson were, respectively, a Republican and a Democrat who ran on the National Union ticket in 1864.
  9. ^ Andrew Johnson did not identify with the two main parties while president and tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union label. His failure to build a true National Union Party left Johnson without a party.
  10. ^ This term was shortened by 43 days due to the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution going into effect, moving inauguration day from March 4 to January 20.
  11. ^ Dwight Eisenhower is the first president to have been legally prohibited by the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution from seeking a third term.

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